Eric Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development Essay...

According to Eric Erikson, there are eight different social stages a person must go through as they mature. Each stage has a positive characteristic and a negative characteristic. If positive characteristics are fulfilled then their future will look good. So to what extent can the lack of reinforcement to the positive characteristics of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development effect you? The effects can be quite horrifying. Especially if all of the stages the only characteristics fulfilled are the negative aspects. Erikson’s first stage was trust verses mistrust and it occurred from zero to 18 months of age. The point of this stage is to establish trust. Erikson believed this was the most important period in a person’s life. Since†¦show more content†¦If one was to achieve autonomy then they would have a feeling of confidence, but if those that don’t achieve autonomy doubt their own abilities and have a sense of inadequacy (Cherry, 2011). The effects of autonomy can also come back and haunt a person an adult, even if they achieved it as a child. One of the most common scenarios would be when someone works for a company and their boss does not allow them to take pride in their work or make decision by themselves (Inglish). This lack in autonomy that is forced upon them is one of the most common reasons why a person leaves their job (Inglish). Initiative versus guilt is the third stage of psychosocial development. It’s around three to six years of age when this role must be established. The goal is to establish purpose and its achieved through exploration and play (Cherry, 2011). Children begin to affirm their power over the world through interaction between people and play (Cherry, 2011). They assert control over their environment and they try to take control of their lives by planning activities, doing different assignments and taking on different challenges (Cherry, 2011). Imagination plays an important role because it encourages the freedom to do what they want and take the initiative of their lives (Cherry, 2011). When the child is not given the chance to play or explore, or is stoppedShow MoreRelatedChild Observation Paper1083 Words   |  5 Pagesfor this Child Observation paper, the author of this paper has taken copious notes during the session. The purpose of this paper is recognizing the biological, cognitive and psychosocial development of the child. The author of this paper identified the background history of the child, the observation made and the development process of the child. BACKGROUND The child chosen for this child observation paper is a nine month old male, who appears to a healthy normal child. His mother is CaucasianRead MoreDevelopmental Theories of the Movie Precious Essays758 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopmental Theories in The Notebook Brianna Gallegos University of New Mexico N224 Developmental Theories in The Notebook The Notebook demonstrates the growth and development theories including biosocial, psychosocial, and cognitive. The Notebook is a movie about a young couple who falls in love. The woman, Allie, is from a wealthy family who is discouraged when she has fallen in love with a young man, Noah, who only makes .40 cents an hour (Cassavetes, 2004). The story is told throughRead MoreDoes an Infant’s Temperament Shape His/Her Cognitive and Socio-Emotional Development?1333 Words   |  6 Pagescognitive, socio-emotional development. I will discuss various theories of human development, identify the social and emotional domains development and how they affect temperament. I will discuss the eight stages of socialization according to Eric Erikson, and the cultural perspectives of temperament. A person’s temperament, biology, environment, and even attachment to others can affect how social the individual is. Temperament is an important aspect of emotional development. Temperament is theRead More8 Stages of Psychosocial Dilemmas1757 Words   |  8 PagesIn Dr. Eric Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Dilemmas he stated that conflict between personal impulse and the social world. Erikson also believed that a sense of competence also motivates behaviors and actions. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery. Being able to master the dilemma during each stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development creates a sense of success and well developmentRead MoreAdult / Teacher Interaction : A Male And His Date Of Birth915 Words   |  4 Pagesabout a child’s behavior, they are guiding participation by providing a frame of how to beha ve and how not to behave (Steinberg, Bornstein, Vandell, Rook, 207). 8) Physical Development: †¢ Eric is a male and his date of birth is on 3/12/2011, at the time of the child observation he was four years old and six months. Eric demonstrated small muscle skills by being peaceful and playing with bricks and sticks, which he used his hands and fingers to build a fort. He showed large muscle skills afterRead MoreErikson s Theory Of Social Involvement Across The Entire Lifespan Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesfar as development, the process of growing and maturing has been previously linked only with childhood. One of the first theorists Erik Erickson felt that development continues throughout life. Erickson believes that each stage in life resembles to specific opportunities that the society might have. Erickson’s theory defines the impact of social involvement across the entire lifespan. Each stage of Erikson’s stages is unique in their own way. Erikson decided to present eight different stages of theRead MoreEssay on Erik Eriksons Stages of Development3343 Words   |  14 Pages Eric Erikson was one of the most famous theorists of the twentieth century; he created many theories. One of the most talked about theories is his theory of psychosocial development. This is a theory that describes stages in which an individual should pass as they are going through life. His theory includes nine stages all together. The original theory only included eight stages but Erikson‘s wife found a ninth stage and published it after his death. The nine stages include: trust vs. mistrust,Read MorePyschological Development and Learning Positivity871 Words   |  4 Pageswhen needed and have the ability to recognize that she needs help. C.B. states that she feels like she has a long time prior to having someone help take care of her, and she hopes it will continue to be that way. Eric Erikson’s last stage of development is ego integrity vs. despair. Erikson’s theory is â€Å"Integrity [that] is built on morality and ethics (Varcarolis, Carson Shoemaker, 2006).† C.B. looks at her life as it is still in progress, and that she isnt at the end of her lifetime. ThroughoutRead MoreMy Life Journey : Erikson s Theory2228 Words   |  9 PagesNguyen Psyc 2314 8/8/2016 My Life Journey: Erikson’s Theory For my life journey I have chose to use Eric Erikson’s theory I have decided to use his theory because to me his theory suited my life appropriately. Eric Erikson is a well known theorist from the twentieth century, he has produced many theories. One of his most known and recognized theory is the psychosocial development. This theory describes the steps a person goes through in life. There are nine stages in his theory. Originally his theoryRead MoreBiological Narrative1617 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Eric Erickson is best known for his studies with psychosocial development, or the development of a person within a social context. Eric Erickson’s theories focused primarily on the correlation of the release of sexual tension and psychosexual development. The purpose of this paper is for the author to develop a personal portrait integrating Erickson’s developmental theory, Kohlberg’s moral development, and gender and cultural influences. The author will discuss his development from birth

Analysis Of The Movie The Flood - 2574 Words

The Flood There was a ear-piercing screech as the Boeing 747’s wheels connected with the runway. They had arrived. Abby and her mom, Carol, were in Thailand, the land of the elephants, on the trip of her life. Abby and her mom had scavenged and saved every last penny to fly halfway across the world. They hugged as Abby squealed in delight, they would be here for one month to discover the world outside of America. She had escaped from school for a week! She still couldn’t believe that her teacher, Mrs Hildebrand, had allowed her to miss all schoolwork in exchange for an essay about her adventures! Snapping back into reality, Abby realised that they hadn’t moved from the runway. Where was the terminal? She looked around in curiosity when†¦show more content†¦She rolled her suitcases down the aisle and huffed and puffed her way down the stairs. Abby boarded the bus closely followed by her mom, who had a reassuring hand on the small of her back. The bus took off at re cord speed toward the magnificent t-shaped building with roofs made out of stunning white canvas domes. They pulled up to their terminal and deboarded the bus. Continuing on through a tunnel marked for Arrivals. Abby couldn’t help but gape at the beautiful statues and carvings surrounding her in this foreign airport. They walked through customs and retrieved the rest of their luggage from a conveyor belt. Once they had possession of their luggage, they located a man that held a sign with â€Å"Carol and Abby Fonelle† written on it with black lettering. â€Å"That’s us,† said Carol to the man holding the sign. â€Å"Maa gap chan† said the man. Carol, Abby’s mom, retrieved her Thai-English dictionary and said, â€Å"He says, good, come with me.† The ladies followed the man obediently out into a white van with foreign lettering. They climbed in the van and the man drove out of the airport. The air was hot and humid and Abby couldn’t believe she was already sweating. She stared out the window dazed at the sights. There were giant billboards with huge pictures and Thai advertisements. The road was full of thousands and thousands of motorbikes. There were more motorbike than cars! The crazy part was, there were up to 6 people on one motorbike andShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of How Of Read Literature Like A Professor By Thomas C. Foster1089 Words   |  5 PagesEhren Lewis Mrs. Mary Smith Ap literature 20 September 2017 Analysis of Symbolism in†How to Read Literature Like a Professor† â€Å"How to read Literature like a Professor† by Thomas C. Foster is a very helpful book that goes over multiple literary strategies on how to read literature like a professor or someone with his literary skill. . With all of these literary strategies, symbolism is one that recurs frequently the throughout the entire book. Foster’s use of different techniques of symbolismRead MoreTitanic Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesIn the movie Titanic, the story line revolves around two love interest, Jack and Rose. The two fall in love despite being from different economic backgrounds and they fight the oppositions from their families. Regardless of being one of the highest grossing movies of all time, the movie does not incorporate many details as to why the Titanic sank. The only source the movie gives for the Titanic’s sinking is the damage the iceberg caused. Through time Scientist have proven that an Iceberg was justRead MoreBuffalo Creek : A Small Valley1397 Wo rds   |  6 Pagesfrom all around, alarming many nearby residents. This wave took the town of Saundoers with it, killing many people and destroying everything in its path making it one of the United States worst floods. There were bodies everywhere being dragged out from under various objects because of the flood. The flood did not care who was in the way, if a person was not able to escape or find somewhere safe then they were dead or injured badly. In addition, 30 business establishments, 1000 automobiles and trucksRead MoreMovie Analysis : Motion Picture Industry1427 Words   |  6 PagesMotion Picture Industry The motion picture industry is creating movies that people want to go see. Movies can vastly range in genre from the more popular action movies that flood the market with toys and collectables to more quiet independent films that bring to life a producers deepest thoughts and ideals. Other movie genres include: adventure, comedy, crime and gangster, drama, historical, horror, musicals, science fiction, westerns, and many others. According to Dirks (2015), â€Å"action films usuallyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Titanic Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pages Kenneth Burke developed Pentadic analysis, it combines five elements and each which related to a question. The movie Titanic is directed by James Cameron and it was release in 1997. This film talks about the love story about the two characters of different social classes and fall in love. And the unsinkable ship was filled on the ocean. Titanic’s first voyage is also its last voyage out to sea. Show humanity and love will nev er change until death in the face of disaster. 84 years later, BrockRead MorePleasantville1586 Words   |  7 PagesUtopia/Dystopia Dr. Viau Pleasantville Pleasantville is a great movie with many hidden messages. The not so obvious but informative messages are one of best aspects of this nineties flick. The special effects are impressive considering this movie is indeed from the nineties. Pleasantville touches base on many actual conflicts in America and throughout history in the most subtle but blunt way. My favorite thing about this movie is how it takes this blind community and shows them what they neverRead MoreO Brother Where Art Thou1597 Words   |  7 PagesTimothy O’Grady English 101 April 12, 2008 Film Analysis â€Å"O Brother Where Art Thou† This old time musical theatrical movie clip was an insightful blast from the past that made you cherish those days where it was inconceivable to not be a gentlemen, and it was a down right shame to be anything less then an honest women. This old time movie with a new age attitude definitely strikes the funny bone of any modern day movie watcher. â€Å"The opening titles inform us that the Coen Brothers O Brother, WhereRead MoreSwot And Pestel Analysis Of Hulu1550 Words   |  7 PagesSWOT PESTEL SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS TV show abundance Partner with ABC, NBC, FOX ‘Criterion Collection’ – classic movies WEAKNESSES Ads Limited movie selection Limited streaming capabilities OPPORTUNITIES Better TV series content International growth Sports partnerships Mobile device industry THREATS Netflix/Amazon Cable TV Illegal streaming Strengths:  · TV show abundance – moving into their own live TV provider  · Has recently started offering subscription servicesRead MoreEssay on Case Study Gi Joe1501 Words   |  7 PagesSituational Analysis Hasbro Inc. owns the very successful brand, G.I. Joe that is an icon in the toy industry. G.I. Joe has been a dominate factor in the market for toys since its launch in 1964. The brand has been able to stand the test of time and its creators have successfully preserved the brand throughout the years. Hasbro’s challenge is to market the G.I. Joe brand in such a way, so that it can become a mega brand like its competitor Mattel with its mega brand Barbie. The toy market hasRead MoreComputers And The Pc Revolution1126 Words   |  5 Pagesrelated products. However, they were not the first, nor were they the last competitors to enter the grand world of personal computing. The rapid development of PCs opened up new jobs fields in software development, IT management, computer systems analysis, and database administration. Jobs in marketing and production related positions expanded as well. Last but not least is the extreme growth and expansion the PC development brought economi cally. In the beginning of the PC revolution companies such

Self-Control Theory free essay sample

Self-control Theory of Crime Evaluation Self-control Theory of Crime Evaluation Marilyn A. Vazquez CJA/540 Criminological Theories University of Phoenix Angela Williams October 24, 2011 Abstract Crime consists of behavior patterns, the environment, and the economy of the world. Researchers tend to use theories to answers questions concerning these behaviors. For example such questions involve why people commit crimes, what type of people commit crimes, and a host of other questions. The topic of this paper consists of two types of theories. The topics discussed and compared involve the conflict theory and the social control theory. In addition, the comparison will display the theory that does a better job of addressing the occurrence of crime in contemporary American society. Included is an evaluation of the effects of positive and negative reinforcement on crime in both theoretical frames and information to support the research. Self-control Theory The conflict theory Two or more persons who disagree relate to conflict. For example, one individual of a team wish to lead the team because of prior leadership. The other candidate also wishes to lead the team because of favoritism. This is one prime example of conflict. Another involvement of conflict consists of a clash between an individual work schedule and the hours the employer expects from the employee. Last, conflict deals with struggle. For example, two criminals committing a crime one is more violent than the other. Both have strong intentions to commit the crime, however, only one want to commit murder. The other criminal struggles to proceed as scheduled because murdering goes against the plan. Conflict is a word that causes most people a degree of discomfort, anger, frustration, sadness, and pain (Team Building Inc, 2010). Karl Marx conflict theory involves struggle as well. The struggle consists of two major groups. These groups involve the higher level of persons such as the rich or elite or people who own businesses. In contrast the other group involves the lower class people such as the less fortunate or mediocre who are the workers. Apparently the two groups constantly inhabit the conflict theory. Out of the two groups one possess more power and wealth than the other. The upper class has access to certain items whereas the lower class does not. The working class individuals who have no power sell his or her hard work to the upper class to produce products. The powerful have an advantage to keep the working class enslaved. The lower have to rely on the upper for income (Factoidz, 2011). The criminal justice system and criminal law are thought to be operating on behalf of rich and powerful with resulting policies aimed at controlling the poor. Focus is on separating the powerful from the less powerful. In the process the legal rights of poor folks who may be ignored (Greek, 2005). For example the less powerful receive severe punishment for a small crime whereas the powerful receive leniency for high white collar crime. The social control theory Social control entails rules of behavior that must be followed by the members of a society. Some of the rules of conduct fall into the realm of good manners as the culture defines them (O’Neil, 2006). People make up a society and expect its members to maintain conformity to remain controlled. Enforcing control involves laws, police, force, or pressure by the members. The people expect to stay in peace and harmony together. Implemented rules placed within the group for members to obey. Social control directs the entire group in a structured manner. In addition, social control operates for the entire group. Implementing control involves negative or positive reinforcement. Social control means, control of individual behavior by society, and that control of social institutions should be in the interest and welfare of the whole society. Some warnings and directions of prohibited activities are an example of social control (Answers Com, 2011). Comparing both theories Conflict theory entails groups or individuals who have differences. Every society contains various classes such as ethnic, gender, and a host of other differences. These types of classes led to conflict because the difference in race, beliefs, and more. Some type of control method must be put into place if any society wishes to survive conflict. Both conflict and control integrate with each other. Social control theory entails methods to remove differences. Social control uses negatives and positives of punishment and reinforcement to enforce rules. Both social conflict and social control use means such as law enforcement. Conflict resolution involves a range of essential skills and techniques, which are of value in organizing and building social movements and parties. Social control resolution means regulation of the application of a particular set of laws or rules (Encyclopedia of Marxism, 2008). Positive and negative effects in conflict theory According to the examples and experiences of others the word conflict deems negativity. However, conflict also entails both negative and positive outcomes as well. On the negative side conflict can be disruptive, however, on the positive side it can also serve as a source of creativity and a constructive action (McGrath, 2009). [Today conflict theorists find social conflict between any groups in which the potential for inequality exists: racial, gender, religious, political, economic, and so on. Conflict theorists note that unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against one another. This constant competition between groups forms the basis for the ever-changing nature of society. Critics of the conflict perspective point to its overly negative view of society. The theory ultimately attributes humanitarian efforts, altruism, democracy, civil rights, and other positive aspects of society to capitalistic designs to control the masses, not to inherent interests in preserving society and social order. While these latter perspectives focus on the positive aspects of society that contribute to its stability, the conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society (Cliffs Notes, 2011). ] Positive and negative effects in social control theory

Pfizer Organization Financial Strategies

Opportunities for Improvement Pfizer organization has a high level of liquid assets. With its diverse healthcare services such as primary healthcare, special oncology and care, animal healthcare, and nutrition products among others, it is clear that the company’s amount of health services is likely to continue increasing.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Pfizer Organization Financial Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The increasing demand of animal medical products and many unexploited business products are major business opportunities for the company. However, the evident problem is that the company has very little fixed assets. This is reflected by the fact that Alcon comprises 24.5% of the company’s liquid assets. Amount of debts At the amount of both long-term and short-term debts, Pfizer’s debt level leads in its risk factors. Its major expansion strategies are based on long-te rm debts. The company uses both debt instruments and equity debts to address its financial needs and enhance the efficiency of its operations. The existence of many financial instruments presents a major opportunity for the company’s quick expansion. However, it is a challenge to some of the shareholders since some of them prefer to have quick returns on their investments. Pfizer has got an unfavorable credit rating. Product-lines bringing in cash The sale of its products is a good way of generating cash revenues. As an opportunity for improvement, the company should pursue markets in underdeveloped states across the Globe. Unfortunately, repatriating revenue from its foreign investments has increasingly become a major problem to the top level managers. The company can still get more income avenues by innovating new medical and health products. The acquisition of King presents a new revenue generating opportunity (Mennen, 2010). Extent and specifics of borrowings As the world ’s leading research institution, the company borrowing ability is focused on generating revenue for its research operations (Ferell Hartline, 2010). This approach presents a lot of financial constraints to the company’s demand for finances to address its financial demands that relate to expansion of its operations and infrastructure development.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company does not have a huge borrowing capacity as it would otherwise be assumed.  Pricing of products or services Fund transfer is a pricing mechanism employed by the Pfizer organization. The point that the company often increases prices of old drugs due to the fact that the patent protection for such drugs is lost over time could make some clients shy away. Although aimed at compelling customers to switch to new and better products and services developed by Pfizer, there is a ri sk for pricing mechanisms to portray the company products and services as very costly in the healthcare market. Identified Solutions Pfizer has got a high level of liquid assets that presents a major challenge to the future strategic investment mechanisms for the company. To address this problem, the company should endeavor to have many fixed assets that would help generate income and thus encourage sustainable growth due to state income. While debts could be unavoidable in business, Pfizer organization should focus on minimizing its short-term debts and instead utilize long-term debts such as government and corporate bonds that have a long maturity period with fairly low interest rates. Bowing should be restricted to acquiring finances aimed at expanding company operations, improving the state of infrastructure and enhancing the level of manufacturing and cost effectiveness in Pfizer’s business operations (Ahati, 2008). On challenges facing its products that bring some cash in, the company should streamline its operations and ensure that matters related to foreign operations and Global Health strategies stocking of large multinational health corporations are focused on maximizing its revenue streams. The solution to the possible challenges facing its pricing strategy is to focus on enhancing the level of efficiency and cost effectiveness. The company could also opt to sell its products to managed-care organizations at a lower or affordable cost thus minimizing its market prices hence enhancing its competitiveness.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Pfizer Organization Financial Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Ahati, T. (2008). Marketing Analysis: Merck Co., Inc. Pfizer Inc. Web. Ferell, O. C., Hartline, M. (2010). Marketing Strategy,5th Ed. Connecticut, USA: South-Western CENGAGE Learning. Mennen, M. (2010). Innovation Growth – A case study of Pfizer Essay. Die Deutsctsche, Auflage: GRIN Verlag. This report on Pfizer Organization Financial Strategies was written and submitted by user Barbara Abbott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Feliz Navidad Essays - Mexican Cuisine, South American Cuisine

Feliz Navidad Essays - Mexican Cuisine, South American Cuisine Feliz Navidad In Mexico they celebrate the birth of Jesus and the coming of the three kings. Their celebrations begin 12 days before Christmas. When reenactments of Virgin Mary searching for shelter occur. The followers grow in numbers until it they all reach a church, where mass is held. In some Hispanic areas they celebrate the holidays on Three Kings Day, which is January 6th. This was traditionally the day that all the gift-giving took place. But now many areas follow the U.S. and exchange gifts on December 25th. Many children now look forward to receiving gifts on both days. The celebration usually begins in the afternoon or at the dinner time when a rosca or two is shared among family members. On Christmas Eve everybody gets together in the zcalo for a night of dancing. Many times families celebrate with the making and eating of tamales. Which I think are absolutely delicious. Les gusta comen los tamales. Les gusta bailan. Les gusta visitan los relatives. Bibliography 1. mexconnect.com 2. www.mexonline.com 3. Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia

Verlan - French Slang àlenvers

Verlan - French Slang lenvers Verlan is a form of French slang that consists of playing around with syllables, kind of along the same lines as pig Latin. Unlike pig Latin, however, verlan is actively spoken in France. Many verlan words have become so commonplace that they are used in everyday French. To verlan a word, simply separate it into syllables, reverse them, and put the word back together. In order to maintain the correct pronunciation, the verlaned word often undergoes some spelling adjustments. Unnecessary letters are dropped, while other letters are added to make pronunciation logical. There are no real rules for this; its just something to be aware of. Note that not every word can or should be verlaned; verlan is used essentially to emphasize or hide the meaning of the main word(s) in a sentence. How It Works Lets start with the word lenvers, which means the reverse. Separate lenvers into its two syllables len and vers. Invert them, put them together into a single word, and then adjust the spelling: lenvers... len vers... vers len... verslen... verslen... verlen... verlan Thus, you can see that verlan is lenvers pronounced lenvers (reverse pronounced in reverse). Lets try another example: pourri... pou rri... rri pou... rripou... ripou Most single-syllable words are just pronounced backwards. fou oufcool (from English) looc Take It a Step Further The above examples are pretty simple, but verlan gets more complicated when it comes to the e muet, which is a very important sound in verlan. Words that end in e muet (like femme) and words which end in a pronounced consonant and which usually have an e muet sound tacked onto the end (like flic, which is usually pronounced flique) retain the sound of the e muet when they are verlaned. In addition, when the syllables are reversed, the resulting final vowel sound is sometimes dropped. flic... fli keu... keu fli... keufli... keuffemme... fa meu... meu fa... meufa... meufarabe... a ra beu... beu ra a... beura... beur Verlan was invented as a secret language, a way for people (notably youths, drug users, and criminals) to communicate freely in front of authority figures (parents, police). Because much of verlan has become incorporated into French, verlan continues to evolve - sometimes words are re-verlaned. Beur, commonly heard in the 1980s, has been reversed again to reub. Keuf has been re-verlaned to feuk, with a bonus - it now resembles a vulgar word in English. Here are some common verlan terms that you should be able to recognize. Remember that verlan is a form of slang, so you probably shouldnt use it when talking to someone you  vouvoie. balpeau  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  peau de ballemeaning: nothing, zip barjot  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  jobardmeaning: crazy, insane un  beur  (now  reub)  Ã‚  Ã‚  un  Arabemeaning: Arab blà ©ca  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  cablà ©meaning: trendy, in un  brelica  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of un  calibremeaning: revolver une  cecla  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  classemeaning: class cà ©fran  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  franà §aismeaning: French chanmà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  mà ©chantmeaning: mean, nasty chà ©bran  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  branchà ©meaning: cool, plugged in chelou  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  louchemeaning: shady, dubious une  cinepi  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  piscinemeaning: pool une  deban  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  bandemeaning: group, band un  skeud  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of un  disquemeaning: record, album fais  ià ¨che  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of fais  chiermeaning: its boring, annoying un  fà ©ca  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of un  cafà ©meaning: cafà © à ªtre au  fumpar  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of à ªtre au  parfummeaning: to be in the know une  gnolba  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  bagnolemeaning: car, junker geudin  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  dinguemeaning: crazy jourbon  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  bonjourmeaning: hello un  kebla  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of un  Black  (from English)meaning: black person kà ©blo  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  bloquà ©meaning: blocked, caught un  keuf  (now  feuk)  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of un  flicmeaning: police officer (equivalent to cop, copper, pig) un  keum  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of un  mecmeaning: guy, dude laisse  bà ©ton  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of laisse  tombermeaning: forget it, drop it un  là ©pou  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of un  pouletmeaning: police officer (equivalent to cop, copper, pig) looc  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  cool  (from English)meaning: cool une  meuf  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  femmemeaning: woman, wife ouf  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  foumeaning: crazy pà ©cho  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  chopermeaning: to steal, nick; to get caught une  pà ©clot  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  clopemeaning: cigarette le  pera  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of le  rapmeaning: rap (music) un  quà ¨m  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of un  mecmeaning: guy une  raquebar  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  baraquemeaning: house relou  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  lourdmeaning: heavy les  rempa  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of les  parentsmeaning: parents un  reuf  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of un  frà ¨remeaning: brother une  reum  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  mà ¨remeaning: mother un  reup  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of un  pà ¨remeaning: father une  reus  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  sÅ“urmeaning: sister ripou  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  pourrimeaning: rotten, corrupt la  siquemu  / la  sicmu  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of la  musiquemeaning: music un  sub  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of un  busmeaning: bus à ªtre dans le  tarcol  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of à ªtre dans le  coltarmeaning: to be exhausted une  teibou  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  bouteillemeaning: bottle une  teuf  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  fà ªtemeaning: party tirape  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  partirmeaning: to leave tisor  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  sortirmeaning: to go out une  tof  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  photomeaning: photograph la  tourv  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of la  voituremeaning: car le  tromà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of le  mà ©tromeaning: subway zarbi  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  bizarremeaning: strange un  zarfal  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of un  falzarmeaning: pants, trousers une  zesgon  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of une  gonzessemeaning: girl, chick zyva  Ã‚  Ã‚  verlan of  vas-ymeaning: go

Yuan an international medium of exchange Research Paper

Yuan an international medium of exchange - Research Paper Example Presently, the United States Dollar is the global medium of exchange. Since the beginning of this trend, the United States has benefited greatly in terms of the economic stability that the country has experienced. Clearly, if traders all across the world are seeking to have access to the United States Dollar, the only implication is that the value of the Dollar would continue to be strengthened naturally. However, various national and international factors have given rise to a situation whereby the strength of the United States Dollar continues to decline as against other global currencies. Today, the United States Dollar has been tagged as a weaker currency and thus its preference for international trading seem to be dwindling sharply. Without any doubt, the impact of this current trend is a positive one for the ambition of the Chinese government to have the Yuan become a global currency. From an international realism theory perspective, the initiative taken by China would have to m eet a number of conditions, among which includes the fact that â€Å"there must be strong demand by world traders, investors, and central bankers for the currency as a medium of exchange for foreign trade settlement†. But once the Yuan becomes accepted as an international medium of exchange and thus becomes a global currency, it would become â€Å"a unit of account for denominating international financial transactions, and a store of value for central banks' foreign exchange reserves†.And this is by no means an enviable position wanting.

Accounting ...Auditing assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting ...Auditing - Assignment Example For A & E cycle, there could be complex transactions expenses that cannot be classified with precision. Similarly, production cycle is faced by the complexities in method to use in valuing stock and goods produced. Secondly, the inherent risks in all the three cycles would affect both the balance sheet and income statement of the business. R & C cycle may either increase or reduce the receivables and cash and this would at the same time affect the income reported by the business. Inherent risks in A & E cycles affects the expenses reported thus affecting income statement. Likewise, wrong valuing of stock affects the inventory value in the balance sheet and also closing stock which alters the income reported. In all the three cycles, the inherent risk is increases by the fact that there are external parties’ dealings. These parties include the suppliers, debtors, and creditors. Fraudulent actions of these parties increase the inherent risks. In as much as there are similarities in the inherent risk in the three cycles, there are also some differences. Inherent risks in these cycles differ because of the differences in the nature of transactions involved. In R &C cycle, the asset involved is cash, A &E also involves majorly cash asset while and production cycle inventory is at risk. The three cycles are also characterized by different accounting standard requirements (Louwers 53). The manner of recognizing receivables is different from that of valuing stock or purchasing materials in the production cycle hence making their inherent risk different. R $ C cycle is entails the determination of the business debtors and the amount they owe to the business. The relevant department has to identify all the debtors and examine the credit period agreement. They then make the claims for the money and adjust their debtors’ balances. Source documents include sales order, credit

Gear and Equipment Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Gear and Equipment Responsibility Essay My gear and equipment is my own personal responsibility. My gear was issued to me with the intent of me to keep track of my gear and to make sure my gear is ready and accessible when need be. It is my own personal responsibility to make sure that at all times my gear is stored or secured in a safe place to make sure that nothing is either damaged, lost or stolen. It is my own personal responsibility to ensure that if anything were to happen to my gear that it should be reported immediately, such as damaged or malfunctioning gear or lost gear. If my gear is broken or malfunctioning it is my own personal responsibility to see to it that if I cannot personally fix my gear that through the chain of command someone is notified until a solution to the problem is found and the problem itself is fixed. If my gear is to ever be lost or stolen it is again my own personal responsibility to go through the chain of command notifying those appointed over me of my lost or stolen and gear. To lose my gear or have it stolen is something that should never happen though. Every Marine is responsible for his or her own gear and irresponsibly losing the gear that is issued to each individual Marine shows a lack of responsibility. If a Marines gear is stolen it shows poor judgment on the Marine that believed he or she could leave his or her gear laying out and lack of integrity on the part of the Marine that stole the other Marines gear. A Marine should show better judgment in where he or she stows his or her gear. A Marine is issued his or her own individual gear with the intent of it being his or her own personal gear but to leave his or her own gear lying about, wherever he or she so pleases is not in any way, shape or form showing good judgment but lack of responsibility issued to that Marine. Every Marine is responsible for his or her own personal gear and is a reflection of what to possibly expect from the irresponsible Marine. A Marine should always be aware of his or her own personal gear at all times and make sure that his or her own personal gear is properly stowed or secured in secure location to prevent such instances of theft or misplacing his or her own gear. Alternatively, each and every Marine should know that if he or she is not able to stow his or her gear in a safe or secure location than to entrust another Marine to watch over his or her gear until a place to secure his or her own gear is found to ensure that the Marines gear is safe from theft and no excuse for misplacing his or her own gear would be an acceptable answer when questioned as to how the Marines gear went missing or was stolen.

Psychodelic Drugs Essay -- essays research papers

Psychodelic Drugs Alcohol Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in this society. It is accepted as a part of social life. Its use is widely promoted via sponsorship of sporting events. Advertising infers that drinking is the path to happiness, success, romance, etc. There are references to alcohol and its effects from earliest known writings. Alcohol is consumed in the beverage form and sold legally in this state to persons over 21. Alcohol is absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the stomach and small intestine. It is distributed by the blood throughout the body, affecting literally every organ it touches in a matter of minutes. Enzymes in the liver metabolize alcohol at a rate of 10-15 ml (less than one half ounce) per hour. Hence, only time can sober someone up. Coffee, cold showers, or exercise do not work. The warm glow of disinhibition, "letting go" is a major desired effect of alcohol. People feel more sociable and talkative with small amounts of the drug. Alcohol is a relaxant, so many people drink to unwind from the demands of life. Because alcohol has been around for so long, its effects are well-known. Two key concepts to understand in dealing with alcohol use and abuse are impairment and tolerance. They are both problems in themselves and signals of possible additional difficulties. IMPAIRMENT refers to the deficits in performance, judgment, memory, and motor skills which occur because of alcohol consumption. Impairment becomes noticeable at blood levels of 0.05%, which can occur when as few as two drinks are consumed in an hour by a 160 pound person. The deceptive part about impairment is that, by definition, impaired judgment cannot recognize its own impairment. The individual thinks he or she is functioning well, when actually s/he is not. Later, there is impaired memory of the impaired performance. TOLERANCE means that a drug loses some of its effect with repeated use, and that higher and higher doses are needed. It is the body's way of adapting to having a foreign substance in the system. People develop a high tolerance to alcohol when they drink a great deal over an extended length of time. "WHILE T... ...V Class C Misdemeanors some depressants1 Valium-type tranquilizers, some less potent depressants 30 days $500 SCHEDULE V Violation Dilute mixtures, compounds with small amounts of controlled drugs None $1,000 Delivery of less than five grams or possession or less than one ounce of marijuana is a violation. established mandatory evaluation, education and treatment services for those under 18 years old. If services are successfully completed, the charge will be dropped. Alcohol is an illegal drug for those under 21 years of age. For a driver under 18 ANY detectable amount of alcohol (above .00 BAC) is grounds for losing the license. That pretty much sums it up for psychodelic drugs. I hope this proved to you that if you use a psychodelic drug that you should stop, unless it is alchol because it is not as bad as LSD, pcp, or anything you have to inject or snort. So I sign out with I hope you learned something, I mean you had to you could'ent have know all of this information. Biblyography Name Year Type Microsoft Encarta 96' Encyclopedia Dartmouth collage 95' Brochure White House 97' Internet

Playing and Winning

Most people like to play games, such as sport games, computer games, and so on. Obviously, it forms a highly competition environment among those who play the games and of course, somebody will win or lose during the competitions. In order to get the first place, people would have to go through all the necessary practice. In fact, everyone wants to win the best price but winner is always one. In my opinion, no matter what the result is, people should focus on the process rather than the result. In many cases, people give too much focus on the result. For instance, students in the school all want to get an A on their assignments, but it always ends up with some negative effects. Some of them will cheat during the test or copy someone else’s work to turn in. Focus too much on the grade will not do any good for their own benefits but decrease their self-value. Without doubt, champion is importance in a competition, but there are things more than that. In the Olympics, athletes come from all over the world and each of them presents his or her country. Winning the game of course can benefits their countries and athletes themselves. But not everyone can win. I think the most important thing is that even though they did not win, at least they tried their best to participate in the events. If people are always focusing on winning, they would not concentrate on their own sports and make their efforts in vain. Focusing on process has many effects such as friendship and experience. Even though people are winning, they still feel happy because they gain experience and it makes a chance for them to learn from their mistakes. The most important thing is whether people learn things or not. I think not being a winner does not mean you are a loser because when things come, not winning could bring more benefits than winning. I disagree with that playing a game is fun only when you win. We can have a lot of fun when we put ourselves in wholeheartedly. Once we take one thing seriously and try our best, then at least the process is really great, it also worth to be proud of.

Prime Ministers of India Essay

The Prime Minister of India, as addressed to in the Constitution of India, is the chief of government, chief advisor to the President of India, head of the Council of Ministers and the leader of the majority party in parliament. The prime minister leads the executive branch of the Government of India. The prime minister is the senior member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet; allocates posts to members within the Government; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet and is responsible for bringing proposal of legislation. The resignation or death of the prime minister dissolves the cabinet. The prime minister is appointed by the president to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive. Current Prime Minister – The incumbent prime minister is Manmohan Singh, in office since 22 May 2004. Role and power of the prime minister The prime minister leads the functioning and exercise of authority of the Government of India. He is invited by the President of India in the Parliament of India as leader of the majority party to form a government at the federal level (known as Central or Union Government in India) and exercise its powers. In practice the prime minister nominates the members of their Council of Ministers[3][4][5] to the president. The prime minister represents the country in various delegations, high level meetings and international organisations that require the attendance of the highest government office[9] and also addresses to the nation on various issues of national or other importance. Selection process Eligibility A prime minister must: * be a citizen of India. * be a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. * be above 25 years of age if he is a member of Lok Sabha or above 30 years of age if he is a member of the Rajya Sabha. * not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority Oath The Prime Minister is required to make and subscribe in the presence of President of India before entering office, the oath of office and secrecy. Prime Ministers of India 1. Jawaharlal Nehru (15th August 1947 – 27 May 1964) 2. Gulzarilal Nanda ( 27 May 1964 – 9 June 1964) 3. Lal Bahadur Shastri (9 June 1964 – 11 January 1966) 4. Indira Gandhi (24 January 1966 – 24 March 1977, 14 June 1980 – 31 October 1984) 5. Morarji Desai (24March 1977 – 28 July 1979) 6. CHaran Singh (28 July 1979 – 14 January 1980) 7. Rajiv Gandhi ( 31 October 1984 – 2 December 1989) 8. Vishwanath Pratap Singh ( 2 Decemeber 1989 – 10 November 1990) 9. Chandra Shekhar (10 November 1990 – 21 June 1991) 10. P.V. Narsimha Rao ( 21 June 1991 – 16 May 1996) 11. H.D.Deve. Gowda (1 june 1996 – 21 April 1997) 12. I.K. Gujral (21 April 1997 – 19 March 1998) 13. Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 19 March 1998 – 22 May 2004) 14. Manmohan Singh ( 22 May 2004 – till now)

Guide to E-Commerce

Guide to E-Commerce The business world has become increasingly difficult to become successful in. In order for organizations to overcome this difficulty, they must be able to explore other business-related options. It is essential that their operations are fast and efficient, while simultaneously maintaining strong customer relations. One option that has recently proven to be an effective aid for businesses to progress is Electronic Commerce. It allows unlimited business hours due to its around the clock operations, lower labour costs than a traditional business, and exposes the business through a larger market by means of the World Wide Web. With our ever-changing society undeniably striving for technological advancement, E-commerce has become an effective method of conducting business.Electronic Commerce is defined as "The conducting of business communication and transactions over networks and through computers. As most restrictively defined, electronic commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services, and the transfer of funds, through digital communications."moo business cards"However E-commerce also includes all inter-company and intra-company functions (such as marketing, finance, manufacturing, selling, and negotiation) that enable commerce and use electronic mail, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), file transfer, fax, video conferencing, workflow, or interaction with a remote computer" (Dictionary.com). Similar to a traditional business, E-commerce involves the buying and selling of goods and services; they differ only through their means of these transactions. A traditional business is restricted to face-to-face dealings, whereas the transactions of E-commerce are done solely through digital communications. A typical E-commerce transaction is as follows. First the customer must have interest in a product and find it online. Once he/she is satisfied with the located product, a credit information form is filled out complete with credit name, mailing address, phone n umber, email address, and credit card number with expiry date. This information is then sent in and checked by...

Biography of Damien Hirst, British Contemporary Artist

Biography of Damien Hirst, British Contemporary Artist Damien Hirst (born June 7, 1965) is a controversial contemporary British artist. He is the best-known member of the Young British Artists, a group that shook up the U.K.s art scene in the 1990s. Some of Hirsts most famous works feature dead animals preserved in formaldehyde. Fast Facts: Damien Hirst Occupation: ArtistKnown For: Key member of the Young British Artists and the creator of controversial, sometimes shocking artwork.Born: June 7, 1965 in Bristol, EnglandEducation: Goldsmiths, University of LondonSelected Works: The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living (1992), For the Love of God (2007)Notable Quote: I was taught to confront things you cant avoid. Death is one of those things. Early Life and Career Damien Hirst (born Damien Steven Brennan) was born in Bristol and grew up in Leeds, England. His mother later described him as a morbid child, interested in grisly and gruesome images of disease and injury. These subjects would later inform some of the artists iconic works. Hirst had several run-ins with the law, including two arrests for shoplifting. He failed numerous other academic subjects, but he succeeded in art and drawing. Damien attended the Jacob Kramer School of Art in Leeds, and in the late 1980s, he studied art at Goldsmiths, University of London. In 1988, in his second year at Goldsmith, Damien Hirst organized an independent student exhibition titled Freeze in an empty London Port Authority building. It was the first significant event organized by a group that would become known as the Young British Artists. The final version of the exhibition included two of Hirsts iconic spot paintings: multicolored spots on white or near-white backgrounds painted by hand with glossy house paint. International Success Damien Hirsts first solo exhibition, In and Out of Love, took place in an empty shop on Woodstock Street in central London in 1991. During that year, he met the Iraqi-British businessman Charles Saatchi, who became a primary patron. Saatchi offered to fund any art that Hirst wanted to create. The result was a work titled The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living. It consisted of a shark preserved in formaldehyde inside in a tank. The piece was part of one of the first Young British Artists exhibitions at the Saatchi Gallery in 1992. As a result of the media attention surrounding the piece, Hirst earned a nomination for the U.K.s Turner Prize for distinguished young artists, but he lost to Grenville Davey. In 1993, Hirsts first major international work at the Venice Biennale was titled Mother and Child Divided. The work included a cow and a calf cut into sections and exhibited in separate tanks. The next year, Hirst exhibited a similar piece: Away from the Flock, which featured a sheep preserved in formaldehyde. During the exhibition, the artist Mark Bridger entered the gallery and poured black ink into the tank, then offered a new title for the work: Black Sheep. Bridger was prosecuted, but at Hirsts request, his sentence was light: two years of probation. In 1995, Damien Hirst won the Turner Prize. In the latter half of the decade, he presented solo shows in Seoul, London, and Salzburg. He also branched out into directing music videos and short films, and he formed the band Fat Les with actor Keith Allen and Alex James of the rock group Blur. By the end of the decade, the Young British Artists, including Hirst, were seen as a key part of the mainstream art scene in the U.K. Later Career On September 10, 2002, the day before the one-year anniversary of the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attacks in New York City, Hirst released a statement describing the attacks as kind of like an artwork in its own right. The outrage was quick and severe. A week later, he issued a public apology. After meeting Joe Strummer of the band The Clash in 1995, Damien Hirst became good friends with the guitarist. In late 2002, Strummer died of a heart attack. Hirst stated it had a powerful effect: It was the first time I felt mortal. In March 2005, Hirst exhibited 30 paintings at the Gagosian Gallery in New York. They took over three years to complete and were based on photos taken mostly by assistants but finished by Hirst. In 2006, he introduced the work: A Thousand Years (1990). It contains a life cycle of maggots hatching inside a box, turning into flies, and feeding on a bloody, severed cows head in a glass display case. The case included buzzing live flies, many of which were electrocuted in a device designed to ward off insects. The famed artist Francis Bacon praised A Thousand Years (1990) in a letter to a friend a month before he died. In 2007, Hirst presented the piece For the Love of God, a human skull copied in platinum and studded with over 8,600 diamonds. The only part of the original skull included are the teeth. The price for the work was $100,000,000. No one bought it at the original exhibition, but a consortium that included Hirst himself purchased it in August 2008. Praise and Criticism Damien Hirst has earned praise for drumming up new interest in the arts through his celebrity persona and sense of the dramatic. He helped bring the British art scene back to prominence internationally. His supporters, including his benefactor Saatchi and many other noted artists, say that Hirst is a showman, but that getting the attention of the public is essential. He is sometimes mentioned in the company of 20th-century masters like Andy Warhol and Jackson Pollock. However, detractors question whether there is anything artistic about dead, preserved animals. Brian Sewell, an Evening Standard art critic, said that Hirsts art is no more interesting than a stuffed pike over a pub door. A 2009 Hirst show titled No Love Lost, which featured his paintings, received almost universal criticism. His efforts were described as shockingly bad. Plagiarism Controversy In 2000, designer Norman Emms sued Damien Hirst over the sculpture Hymn, which was a reproduction of the Young Scientist Anatomy Set, designed by Emms and manufactured by Humbrol. Hirst paid an out-of-court settlement to two charities and Emms. In 2007, artist John LeKay, a former friend of Hirst, claimed that the inspiration for many of Hirsts works came from the Carolina Biological Supply Company catalog. He also claimed that the diamond-encrusted skull titled For the Love of God was inspired by LeKays own crystal skull work in 1993. In response to a number of other claims of copyright infringement or outright plagiarism, Hirst said, As a human being, as you go through life, you just do collect. Personal Life Between 1992 and 2012, Hirst lived with his girlfriend, Maia Norman. They have three sons: Connor Ojala, Cassius Atticus, and Cyrus Joe. Hirst is known to spend much of his private time at a farmhouse in Devon, England. He also owns a large compound in Mexico where multiple artists help carry out his projects at his art studio. Source Gallagher, Ann. Damien Hirst. Tate, 2012.

The technological and cultural changes between the relationship of Essay

The technological and cultural changes between the relationship of Telegraph and Facebook - Essay Example The advent of Facebook has made communication and meeting new people easy, businesses have grown and cultures have evolved due to this. Some primitive cultures have been eradicated. In the essay we shall be seeking to establish the evolution from Telegraph to Facebook and the technological and cultural changes they have brought by first understanding their innovations their uses and how the telegraph necessitated or facilitated the innovation of Facebook The history of the telegraph dates back to 1794 where Claude Chappe invented a non- electric telegraph. This kind of telegraph used a flag based alphabet, a semaphore and it was wholly dependent on a line of a sight communication. Later this kind of telegraph was replaced by an electric telegraph. In Bavaria, Samuel Soemmering used gold electrodes of wire under water and the message could be read by the amount of gas that was produced by the electrodes. In USA, Harrison Dyar invented the first telegraph in 1828. He used a paper tape that was chemically treated to burn the dashes and the dots (Jennifer, 1989). Joseph Henry demonstrated the power of the electromagnet, which was first discovered by a British William Sturgeon. He sent an electronic current for over a mile, which activated an electromagnet and in turn caused the bell to ring. Samuel F. B. Morse in 1830s started experimenting by sending communication through electromagnetic signals. In 1838, he successfully sent a message from Morristown to New Jersey. He was later granted funds by the congress to help him install a line of communication between Washington DC and Baltimore and he stuck wires between the two cities. The first message he sent from the Supreme Court Chambers to his assistant Alfred Vail in Baltimore was â€Å"What hath God wrought† (Marland, 1964) The telegraph from then became part of the communication and an accepted part of American life. People used to send and receive messages from far distances using the

Digital multi-channel communication system Lab Report

Digital multi-channel communication system - Lab Report Example Immediately, the US embarked on a dominant move to out-compete the Russian mission and conquer the space. In a period of about ten years the exploration gathered the momentum. First; Alan shepherd went capricious in a Mercury shell while Genn John moved the globe 3 times in 1962 and finally Neil Armstrong set base on moon in 1969. Wilson S.K & Cioffi J (1991) Since this period, a mood of findings has been subdued over time, yet satellite has been relaying information from around the globe that has been termed as newsworthy. Satellite is an object that runs around a bigger object the reminiscent of a planet. The moon is a natural satellite, man on the extreme end has launched millions of satellites in space and they revolve around the Earth. The satellite consists of the broadcasting antenna, radio receivers as well as transmitters that enable the satellite to correspond with one or more opinion stations, known as control axis. Communications relayed to the satellite from a soil level are unlinked; messages transmitted from the outpost to Earth are down connected. Satellites have silver plates that recharge the power source stored in batteries. Some satellite uses fuel energy that changes compound energy into electricity. There are satellites that run on nuclear energy. Miniature propellers offer outlook, elevation, as well as forward mot ion parameters to develop and alleviate the satellite’s site in space. To supplement climate monopoly onboard, energy is needed. Specialized configurations accomplish the errands dispersed to the satellite. These mostly incorporate sensors competent of photographing a variety of signal lengths. Whereas ecological satellite demands optics, telecommunications satellites don’t. Ecological satellite remits statistics in binary format on a computer that translates the same numbers into geometric images. Gerven S.V and Compernolle D.V (2000) Communication satellite is a radio transmitter antenna that

Cryptology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cryptology - Essay Example Furthermore, the user of interconnected computers and breakthrough is file and system sharing, make personal information and data even more vulnerable to these threats. At this point cryptology fits in perfectly to address the above issues accordingly. At the base of all internet communication and data security lays cryptology that serves as the foundation to security and data authenticity. Cryptology ensures data and information confidentiality by ensuring in the event that the data in intercepted, the eavesdropper will not understand the content. In addition, Data authenticity is ensured and the message recipient is assured the message is from the correct sender. Finally cryptology ascertains data integrity by providing specific proof that the data or information received is not subject to an alteration by third party. The figure below demonstrates a basic outline of cryptography process (Koblitz 2004). Background Cryptology can be defined as the study of cryptosystems, is simply p ut understanding how to uniquely hide a document or relevant information in plain sight. Normally this involves using a secret encoding that only the intended recipient understands. In a nut shell, cryptography is trying to understand how to pass private information in a public arena which in this case in the internet. This study is further subdivided into two distinct yet similar fields. Cryptography involves the design, creation and implementation of cryptosystems (Bauer 2006). These are the codes and complex formulas used to hide the information before or during data transfer. In addition, cryptosystems also includes measures and mechanisms of incorporating digital signatures in documents. Digital systems basically act as proof of ownership of digital content otherwise susceptible to alterations. On the other hand, cryptology also deals with cryptanalyses which studies the decoding of cryptosystems. Research data analysis and outline Two basic methods were considered for the purp oses of this research. Quantitative research, where collected data is expressed in mathematical figures then evaluated for appropriate results, and qualitative which does not involve figures but rather experiences of participants and the actual data obtained from various sources. In this instance, qualitative analysis best suited thit type of research and was extensively applied. The primary data sources included case studies and direct observation of crypto systems at work. In addition, secondary sources such as books, library articles and the internet provided a reliable reference point. Literature review According to Bauer (2006) cryptography is a field of study where systems and data security meets the power of mathematical functions and equations. Based on his research, cryptology and by extension cryptography offers to the world of security engineering tools that underlie and form the basic and modern security protocols. Buchmann (2004) adds on this analogy through his researc h that offers an insight to cryptography and the techniques involved in cryptanalysis. According to him cryptography is a key to distributed systems security and modern day data integrity. Buchman argues that powerful as it may be, cryptology has often been misconstrued by experts because of the various malpractice associated with it. Cryptography has often been used in the wrong arena to protect the wrong information, and pass illegal messages throughout time. Another

Kant and the Categorical Imperative Essay Example for Free

Kant and the Categorical Imperative Essay The possibility of the existence of right and wrong has been a subject of discussion among philosophers for centuries and many theories have been presented to answer the question of whether morals exist. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the great German philosopher is one who has contributed profoundly to the world of philosophy and especially in regards to his thought on the subject of morality. Kant disagreed with Hume that morality is objective and not subjective. Kant wanted to propose a pure moral philosophy, one of absolute necessity and independent of all human feelings, because if it not so, it will not be absolute and binding upon every person. The purpose of morality is to affect our behaviour and that it is reason that makes humans moral and not feelings or preferences. We shall explore some of the a priori foundations of morality paying special attention to Kants categorical imperative and what exactly this was designed to solve in moral theory. To have moral worth, an act must be done in the name of ones duty, the moral worth of this act is taken from the principle from which its determined, not from what it aims to accomplish and that duty is necessary when one is acting out of respect for the law. A shopkeeper giving the buyer the right amount of change because the law states one must not steal, this is an example of a legal action because rules are being followed but for the wrong reasons. A shopkeeper returning the correct amount of change because it belongs to the customer is an example of a moral action because the action is being done for the right reasons. Kant adopts the view of morality as an unconditional ought, as opposed to a conditional ought By this he means that one should perform an act without considerations of the merits that that act may produce, in comparison with acting in order for something else to happen. This implies that acts that are moral are those that are done without being done for the sake of the merit or reward that they may bring to the person. Kant claimed that moral behaviour does not guarantee the attainment of happiness; rather that good will is crucial for actually deserving happiness. Nothing in the worldindeed nothing even beyond the worldcan possibly be conceived which could be called good without qualification except a good will (Kant 1964 p. 27). By the good will Kant means that a good will is not good because what it performs or what it effects but that it is simply good in itself. The good will is the will which acts out of respect for the moral law and from freedom, but actions such as these, if motivated by selfish or emotional factors, will then have no moral worth. There is a great deal of stress placed on the intention behind the act, consider giving money to charity for the sake of helping out, without any need for any ego gratification or such self-serving purposes, this is an instance of good will. Kants most well known contribution to ethical discussion is the categorical imperative. There are three key propositions that form the basis of Kants ethics. They are: act only on that maxim (principle) through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law, act in a way that you never treat humanity as a means to an end and that you act as if you were a lawmaker member of a kingdom of ends. These three principles form the categorical imperative. For Kant the source of moral justification is the categorical imperative. It presents a method to determine whether or not an act may be considered to be morally correct. An imperative is either categorical or hypothetical. Kant writes, If now the action is good only as a means to something else, then the imperative is hypothetical; if it is conceived as good in itself and consequently as being necessarily the principle of a will which of itself conforms to reason, then it is categorical . . . . (Kant 1989 p. 31) As humans we all have subjective impulses desires and inclinations that may contradict the dictates of reason. These desires, whether they are material objects or gratify us in a sexual or psychological way, may in fact contradict the dictates of reason. Therefore we experience the claim of reason as an imperative, a command to act in a particular way. Kant views a person to be most free when they can overcome their temptations and it is this freedom that helps us make sense of morality. The categorical imperative emphasises the means for completing an action and places little meaning on the end result of an action, whereas the hypothetical imperative places much emphasis on the end result of an action. It is an imperative because it dictates what we should do, disregarding our desires. As rational beings we are guided through life by laws and principles, in the form of an imperative which simply orders us you must do this regardless of any desires which we may have. Hypothetical imperatives apply to us if we have a particular desire, go to university if you want to become a philosopher. An act becomes imperative when it ought to be applied to everyone, hence the basic statement of the categorical imperative being to act only on maxims that you could will to become universal laws of human nature (Kant). A categorical imperative would command you to do X inasmuch as X is intrinsically right, that is, right in and of itself, aside from any other considerationsno ifs, no conditions, no strings attached . . . a categorical imperative is unconditional (no ifs) and independent of any things, circumstances, goals, or desires. It is for this reason that only a categorical imperative can be a universal and binding law, that is, a moral law, valid for all rational beings at all times. (Miller 1984 p. 462) Immorality then would be to make exceptions for ourselves by acting only on maxims that we cannot universalize out of our own will. It is those who act in such a way and then expect others to act different to our way, who are immoral. The categorical imperative acts as a formula for universal law; by stating the prerequisites that an act must have to be considered moral, it presents a comparison for people to be able to see if they are acting morally, this being to act only on principles that you could will to become universal laws by which all who wish to act morally must comply with. It determines whether any act is right or wrong, so to do the opposite would be contradictory and this would then be an act that is not morally correct. An example that Kant puts forward in Good Will, Duty, and the Categorical Imperative, (1989) to depict this is of a man who is in extreme despair and contemplating suicide. By taking his own life he would be universalizing the principle that in order to love himself he should end his life (by doing this he is trying to improve his life by ending the despair he is feeling). Killing himself would in fact do nothing to improve his life because he would have no life at all! So you see how these contradictory acts undermine those that may be classified as morally right. Although Kants categorical imperative has been widely read and accepted by some it has had criticism. Some philosophers have thought of it as absolutist, being too black and white. But when thinking of humanity and society in which we reside, looking at morality according to the categorical imperative allows a standard rule for everyone to follow. If it was alright for some people to steal and not others this we could not call a moral and fair society. There needs to be a rule or comparison so that what acts are right and what are wrong may be differentiated from each other and the wrong acts then dealt with accordingly. Some have asked how only an action which one had no desire to do could ever have any moral worth. This to me does not seem to be what is trying to be expressed in Kantian ethics. It is not the desire per se that makes an act immoral, I think it seems that it is more the fact of this desire being the reason the act is conducted in the first place. If the act is done to fulfil a personal desire or attain that which one desires, then the act is immoral, but if the act is done for the good of the act in itself, for example donating money to an orphanage because one desires to help, then this is still what Kant would regard as a morally right act. Although Kantianism has had a profound effect on some people, producing many elaborations, translations and thought, for some it is not feasible once placed together as a whole. Kant had some very profound ideas but looking at society tody I would think he was definitely on the right thought pattern. Society and we as humans, with our impulses whether good or bad, need a clarified ethics to follow to help us separate what may be considered right and wrong in a moral sense, and it must be fair and the same for everyone, this is what Kants categorical imperative has done by creating a universal law or rule of thumb for morality. References: Kant, I. 1989 Good Will, Duty, and the Categorical Imperative. ed. Serafini, A. Ethics and Social Concern, the categorical imperative. New York: Paragon House Publishers Kant, I. 1964 Groundwork and the Metaphysics of Morals, ed. Herbert J. Paton, New York: HarperCollins. Miller, Ed. L. 1984 Questions that Matter: An Invitation to Philosophy, 3rd ed. Colorado: McGraw-Hill, Inc. http://sguthrie. net/kant. htm (accessed on 12/10/04).

Myth and the Modern World Essay -- Heros Journey, Hospitality

Since the beginning of time, people have been searching the universe looking for answers to the burning questions about what â€Å"it† all means. By looking to the past, we find parallels that help put our own modern lives into perspective. We mortals have an insatiable quest for knowledge about everything under the sun. Who are we? Where did we come from? Why are we here? What happens next? By analyzing the meaning of ancient Mythology and applying the lessons learned through the hero’s quests, we gain insight and perspective about our own place in the modern world we live in today. By visualizing and internalizing the lessons learned through the mythological hero’s journeys, we find relevance in the symbolism and metaphors that mirror our own struggles and inspire us to find the courage and determination to overcome them. I am not a deeply religious person but I do believe in â€Å"something†. What that something is, I am not entirely sure. However, like the characters in the myths we have read about this semester, I know that I am also on a journey that hopefully one day will reveal the answers to the questions I’ve been looking for along with the ones I haven’t even thought of yet. Life is a quest that begins at birth and continues until the day we die. Our quests resemble the hero’s journeys because in attempting to achieve our goals; we stumble, fall, get a little help if we’re lucky, then get up and try again. Sometimes I pray for supernatural help as I struggle to overcome obstacles along the way, but so far no gods or goddesses have materialized to help me out in my times of need. I guess that’s why we have family - those people in our lives we sometimes can’t live with but could never live without. They are the ones... ... process. Like the mythological characters we’ve been introduced to this semester, we travel through life and face obstacles that either make us stronger or shatter us into a million pieces. It’s up to us to choose how we put those pieces back together. Works Cited "Jason and the Golden Fleece." Ancient Greece Mythology. Copyright  © 2003-2012 University Press Inc. . Web. 11 Oct 2013. . Raffel, Burton . Beowulf. New York, NY: Signet Classic, 1963. print. Gardner, John. Grendel. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1971. Print. Fagles, Robert. The Odyssey. Deluxe. New York, NY: Penguin Classics, 1996. Print. Encyclopedia Mythica. MCMXCV - MMXII Encyclopedia Mythica.. Web. 11 Oct 2013. . The Epic of Gilgamesh. Poznan Supercomputing and Networking Center, Web. .

Future Me

How I see myself in 2012 is what I believe we all want a happy and uncomplicated, A life where the economic, social, and health problems do not have place. I see myself see myself as the most successful person the world has seen. I will have graduated college, majoring in mechanical engineering in cu Denver. In CU I will meet a beautiful woman that just became a doctor. After being married for a few years we will have two kids. I want to have the perfect house, neither too big nor too small, with a pool and a very large yard where I can play soccer with my kids or have a cookout with family and friends.I also going to have a decent size pond behind the house where we could fish, swim and whatever I know all of these life successes will take a lot of time and effort. I hope my life is very different from what it is now, is not that I hate the life I have now but my parents taught me that they worked very hard to give me a better life than the one they had and I want to give the same t o my future family. By getting married and having a family I believe will bring joy into my life.I believe it can bring a joy that no one can know unless they experience it for themselves. My job will be there for me to help support my family, financially but I want to be able to raise them in a good neighborhood. I want to make sure my own family is happy. It is beautiful to watch your children grow up before your eyes and this is what I want. I believe, as well as most people, that you are successful in life if you have raised a family. I’m not sure of what my dream job would be but I know that it would be perfect.Being a Mechanical engineer means that I would be working with the both thing I love more motor and math and any job that mixes both would be perfect. In 2012 I hope to have enough wisdom to not get carried away by envy or lust and only pursue happiness, mine and those around me. My happiness in what I do is also a goal for me I my life. There is no way someone ca n become successful if they are not happy with what they are doing with their life. It is clear that to be happy you don’t need money or live in luxury; you need only to be happy

Early Childhood Education Programs Essay

Early childhood education or preschool education is education for children in the early stages of their childhood before they join school. Several researches that have been conducted by neuroscientists, pediatricians and other stakeholders shows that the biggest portion of the brain architecture takes place in the early childhood years. Research studies have also found out that intellectual and emotional development is critical during the first three years of life. Maria Montessori was one of many educationists who believe that the foundation of human development is laid during the child’s early years. She declared that: The most important period of life is not the age of university studies, but the first one, the period from birth to the age of six, (Pandor, 2008 para. 3). Many other educationists assert that the quality of education is determined in the first years of a child in school. Early Childhood Education Programs Preschool education or early childhood education is a quality education and it is beneficial to children from all economic and social groups. Development of quality early childhood programs should be emphasized as it can be viewed as a social and economic strategy. Investing in these programs is therefore not only important to the child but also to the development of the state and the country at large. A research conducted by the National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER) in five states of the United States found out that â€Å"quality public preschool programs produce broad gains in children’s learning and development,† (NIEER, 2005 para. 4). According to the same study, state funded programs were found to have significant gains regardless of the child’s ethnic or economic and social background. The effects of the preschool programs were estimated by testing the literacy skills, vocabulary and academic skills of the kindergarteners. A total of 5,071 children in 1, 320 classrooms were tested in either English or Spanish depending on the child’s strongest language. The impacts on mathematics, literacy and language were statistically significant compared to the children without the program. Vocabulary scores were 31 percent higher than gains of children without the program. On mathematical skills which included basic skills such as counting money, simple additions and subtractions, number concepts and telling time, the gains increased to 44 percent. In print awareness the gains were 85 percent greater for children enrolled in state sponsored preschool programs compared to the growth of children who are not enrolled (NIEER, 2005). According to the NIEER study, participants at the age of 20 years were more likely to have cleared high school if they enrolled for the preschool programs. They were less likely to have required remedial education and also less likely to have committed juvenile crimes which warrant arrests. With the unnecessary costs of remedial classes and expenditure for justice systems and in addition to the increased revenues, it was estimated that there was a return of $7 for every dollar that was invested. At 27 years of age, participants had gained a higher level of education and their earnings were higher than those who did not enroll for the early childhood school programs. The number of those who received the social services was significantly low and the numbers of arrests were fewer. These studies were carried out on children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. The befits gained can be intertwined in the sense that once this child gains a higher level of education most likely the earnings will be high, consequently economic prospects will be high, improvement on financial decisions, improved health and housing (NIEER, 2008). An opportunity to live in a classroom community, interact and get along with people from various socioeconomic backgrounds can be considered as a social benefit for children from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Learning how to get along with others will result to improved social skills and emotional competence. These programs set a stage and give a child preparedness to enroll for the formal education. Apart from improving on their communication skills and getting higher scores in school tests, they have lesser behavioral issues once they enroll in the formal learning process. When a child goes through the pre kindergarten learning they succeed in school and become good citizens, earn more, commit less crimes and pay more taxes. â€Å"Every dollar invested in quality early care and education saves taxpayers up to $13. 00 in future costs,† (http://web. mit. edu/workplacecenter/docs/Full%20Report. pdf. n. d pp. 2). The success of the early child leaning relies heavily on the quality of the preschool programs. In an effort to improve the schools and the learning process, most states in United States have established public preschool programs to cater for less privileged and disadvantaged. Most of these programs are established on the principle that early intervention will help the child unleash his full potential. For example the mission for Head Start is â€Å"to ensure that no child in America is trapped in poverty’s grasp,† (United Way of America, 2005 pp. 1). These programs have been criticized and their effectiveness has been questionable. From the findings of NIEER (2005) studies, â€Å"vocabulary gains were three or four times greater than those in the Head Start study,† (para. 9). In spite of this big difference in performance, such aspects such as the class size and the length of day remained the same. This difference was attributed to high educational qualifications and good remuneration for teachers in state funded pre-kindergarten programs compared to Head Start. Almost all state funded programs studied in the five states required teachers to be licensed, have a certification in early childhood education and be a holder of a BA degree. In the case of Head Start the requirements half of the teachers were required to have a two-year Associate’s degree while the rest to have a Child Development Associate (requires only 120 hours of training to acquire CDA credential) or an equivalent (LIFESTYLENIEER, n. d). Abbot, another preschool program in New Jersey was established to serve the highest poverty districts within the state. Substantial resources have been invested in the school and NIEER annual report rated it as one those with highest quality standards nationwide. According to the Abbot preschool program longitudinal effects study by Frede et al (2007), â€Å"the results presented provides clear evidence that by participating in a high-quality program regardless of auspice, children are improving in literacy and math at least until the end of the kindergarten year,† (pp. 35). It therefore remains clear that high standard and accountability are key factors to the success of these programs. Recruitments of qualified and well educated teachers as has been observed in performing preschool programs are instrumental in guaranteeing good quality. These teachers must be adequately compensated to boost their morale and hence increasing productivity. The classes should be manageable. This can only be achieved by having a reasonable child to teacher ratio. Finally there should be strong supervision to ensure that standard and quality of learning is uncompromised. Conclusion All children are entitled to quality education. From the studies conducted a disadvantaged child is likely to gain more from preschool program. If these programs are expanded more disadvantaged children will enroll and they will develop positive peer effects when they enroll for the formal school learning. â€Å"Failing to invest sufficiently in quality early care and education shortchanges taxpayers because the return on investment is greater than many other economic development options,† (http://web. mit. edu/workplacecenter/docs/Full%20Report. pdf. n. d pp. 2). There should be universal large-scale and state wide programs to benefit the minority and the poor. Reference: Early Childhood Education for All, a Wise Investment, retrieved on 20th July 2008 from http://web. mit. edu/workplacecenter/docs/Full%20Report. pdf. Frede E, Jung K, Barnett W. S, Lamy, C. E & Figueras, A. (2007): The Abbott Preschool Program Longitudinal Effects Study (Apples). Retrieved on 20th July 2008 from: http://nieer. org/resources/research/APPLES. pdf LIFESTYLENIEER (n. d): Economic Benefits Of Quality Preschool Education for America’s 3- And 4-Year Olds. Retrieved on 20th July 2008 from: http://nieer. org/resources/facts/index. php? FastFactID=6 Martina, A (2008): Column: Early Connections Are Key For Infants To Thrive. Retrieved on 20th July 2008 From: http://detnews. com/apps/pbcs. dll/article? AID=/20080715/OPINION03/807150398/100 National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER) (2005):New Study Shows High Quality State Pre-K Programs Improve Language and Math Abilities of Children of All Backgrounds: State Programs with Higher Teacher Qualifications Outperform Head Start , retrieved on 20th July 2008 from http://nieer. org/mediacenter/index. php? PressID=46 Pandor N (2008): A call to focus on firm foundations for learning, Journal of Education, Vol. 8. Issue No. 11, pp 21-27, Retrieved on 20th July 2008 from http://www. anc. org. za/ancdocs/anctoday/2008/text/at11. txt United Way of America (2005): Early Childhood Education, retrieved on 20th July 2008 from http://www. liveunited. org/_cs

Symbols in Communication Essays - Semiotics, Charles Sanders Peirce

Symbols in Communication Essays - Semiotics, Charles Sanders Peirce Symbols in Communication Symbols can represent communication and as such are a form of language.Are humans truly the only primates that can understand language ? Can other species talk? Chimpanzees are competent in learning a basic form of language and can constructively express their ideas. Some scientists believe that one day these primates will be able to communicate masterfully through the use of signs and symbols. In our awareness of the chimpanzee?s inability to speak vocally, should we also exclude the from independent symbol creation? (Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology. 9th ed. Nolan, Lenski, p. 15) To begin examining the origin of the use of symbols as a form of communication, one must look back in history almost 6000 years. Limestone tablets dated back to 3500 B.C. were found to bear some of the oldest known writing. On each tablet are symbols for head, hand, foot, threshing sledge, and several numerals. (Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology. 9th ed. Patrick Nolan, Gerhard Lenski, p. 34) Although humans began writing structured messages as early as 6000 B.C., the actual use of symbols dates back almost 40,000 years ago.But what is language and what is communication and how does it works ? Verbal communication is far from the only form. First of all, a sign is something we directly encounter, yet at the same time it refers to something else. Thunder is a sign of rain. A punch in the nose is a sign of anger. An arrow is a sign of whatever it points toward.On the other hand, words are also signs, but of a special kind. In some way, they are symbols too. Unlike the example cited above, most symbols have no natural connection with the things they describe. There?s nothing in the sound of the word kiss or anything visual in the letters h-u-g that signifies an embrace. One could just as easily coin the term snarf or clag to symbolize a close encounter of the romantic kind. In our current world over 6500 various languages exist however when one smiles, the meaning is universal. Symbols hold incredible importance in global communication. So as coming for symbols, they are representations of an event, action, object, person, or place that can be used to communicate about the event, action, object, person, or place. Language is a code and every decoding is another encoding.In most essential way, symbols are something stand for something other than what it actually is.Symbols are more complex in their meaning and complex in what they evoke.Complex symbols corporate a mass of values, emotions, judgements and can be particularly powerful and explosive such as a flag or religious item.In some countries you can punished hard for burning a flag.Another example, if we burn a quran in Tibet, it means nothing however, if we burn it in Middle East, it will be quite explosive and serious.So symbols also actually depends where they are and for what they stand. Symbols can be used for both receptive and expressive communication. Objects, parts of objects, pictures, print, actions, gestures, signs, and speech can all be symbols. Symbols may start as cues and signals. If a child recognizes a cue out of context, that cue may be acting as a symbol. If a child uses a signal or an object cue to communicate about an event, action, object, person or place out of context, the child may be using that signal or cue as a symbol, as talking for humans.Maybe the most important thing thing about the symbols is The more a symbol resembles what it represents, the more concrete that symbol is. The less a symbol resembles what it represents, the more abstract that symbol is. Symbols in communication is important because not only human use it but also animals use it to communicate and in some cases well than human. In referring to our evolutionary brothers, the chimpanzees, we are not all that different. In fact, we share almost 99% of our DNA with chimpanzees. So one is forced to question why we have evolved so rapidly while our primate duplicate remains both primitive and indecisive in their societal structure.Maybe, the main question about communication and language is, as expressed

HSC Diabetes Insulin Resistance Essay

HSC Diabetes Insulin Resistance Essay HSC Diabetes Insulin Resistance Essay 19 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance Food and Nutrients in Primary Care Mark Hyman, M.D., Jayashree Mani, M.S., and Russell Jaffe, M.D., Ph.D. INTRODUCTION This chapter focuses on solutions to obesity and diabetes that are cost and outcome effective, evidence based, and encouraging in their potential to improve health while lowering health care costs. These two disorders now exceed malnutrition in global public health costs and life lost. Recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data of Americans 2003–8 show that nearly 75% of the US population is now overweight [1]. Childhood obesity has increased threeto fourfold since the 1960s [2]. In 1980, no states had obesity rates over 15%; by 2010, every state had an obesity rate greater than 20% [3]. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS Diabetes prevalence has risen sevenfold since 1983. In 2010, diabetes was diagnosed in approximately 25 million adults in the United States, including a prevalence rate of 26.9% in seniors 65 years [4]. Diabetes and obesity together also place an enormous economic burden on our society. The direct and indirect annual costs of obesity in the United States are $113 billion and $174 billion for diabetes, cumulatively $3 trillion over the past decade [5]. The problem is also expanding globally. In China, 92 million individuals have diabetes, 60% of whom are undiagnosed. Another 148 million have metabolic syndrome, 100% of whom are undiagnosed [6]. Overweight and obesity are, for the majority, markers of a single unifying metabolic d ­ ysfunction. Population wide, risk stratification is based on profiles of body weight associated with increased risk. Overweight is expressed as a body mass index (BMI) 25; obesity is defined by a BMI 30. Health risks increase progressively with higher BMI. Clinically, this profile is less useful than considering metabolic dysfunctions as a continuum from optimal insulin sensitivity to end-stage diabetes. In childhood, both low weight and accelerated weight gain affect glucose tolerance and the risk of type 2 diabetes [7]. In adulthood, weight gain is the primary precursor to diabetes. This spectrum 373 374 Advancing Medicine with Food and Nutrients, Second Edition has been referred to as â€Å"diabesity† and is a more useful clinical concept, focusing on mechanism rather than phenotype for obesity. MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY Obesity shortens lifespan by nine years of life for the average person [8]. In adolescence, obesity creates the same risk of premature death as heavy smoking [9]. Diabesity along the entire continuum of metabolic dysfunction is the primary driver of diabetes, cardiovascular disease [10], stroke, dementia [11], cancer [12], and most chronic disease mortality [13]. A recent 40-year prospective study of 4857 Pima Indian children found that the major predictor of premature death was insulin resistance, not hypertension or hyperlipidemia. Pima Indians in the highest quartile of glucose intolerance had a 73% increase in early death rate compared to those in the lowest quartile [14]. In the past, when these same Native Americans lived an active nomadic life they showed little evidence of insulin resistance. This suggests that insulin resistance is a classic epigenetic or lifestyle-acquired condition, based largely on how we eat, drink, think, and live. MAJOR STUDIES ON LIFESTYLE FACTORS We know from the evidence that lifestyle is an important factor in the development of insulin resistance. In one diabetes prevention trial, evidence for the importance of exercise and nutrition became so compelling that it was deemed unethical to deny exercise and good nutrition to the control group and the study was halted [15]. As a result of this type of data, we no longer take lifestyle for granted [16]. In the 27-center study cited here, researchers found that when patients at risk for diabetes lost just eight pounds through regular exercise, the incidence of type 2 diabetes was reduced by 58%. RISK